While the annals of history often shine a spotlight on ancient Roman emperors and elites, a recent discovery at the Civita Giuliana site, a prominent villa near Pompeii, is shedding light on the lives of the lesser-known underclass of ancient Rome. Ongoing excavations have uncovered a servants’ quarters area, revealing crucial insights into the daily existence of enslaved individuals in antiquity.
Civita Giuliana, situated in the picturesque countryside surrounding the ancient city of Pompeii, has been a focal point for archeological exploration. In addition to previously unearthed treasures like ancient cookware and a ceremonial chariot, this new discovery is redefining our understanding of the Roman underclass.
Three rooms, which had been preserved beneath layers of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E., have come to light. Meticulous reconstruction efforts have brought to life the furniture and artifacts found within, allowing researchers to envision the living conditions of the inhabitants just prior to the devastating eruption.
The pyroclastic ash that engulfed the rooms created voids in which the forms of the objects remained. Using these voids, researchers created plaster casts of the items, offering an intimate view into the inhabitants’ surroundings. One room contained makeshift beds constructed from frames that once held nets, resembling hammocks. These beds were strewn with blankets and personal belongings. Below the beds, ceramic vessels and personal effects were stashed, including intriguingly, containers that held the remains of two mice and a rat.
Another room exhibited a variety of furniture, including a bed beneath a sizable L-shaped shelf, a bench, and cupboards filled with tools and cutlery. Evidence of a more comfortable bed with a mattress was also uncovered. Interestingly, researchers noted that there were no signs of the slaves being confined to their quarters. Instead, they speculated that the luxurious bed might have belonged to a trusted servant with responsibilities of overseeing others.
The report also delved into the complexities of the relationships within the underclass. While solidarity, friendship, and even love were undoubtedly present among the inhabitants, the specter of fear and suspicion loomed. The researchers discussed how granting certain privileges to slaves might have cultivated loyalty and ensured their reliability, often leading to enduring bonds even after they were freed.
Civita Giuliana’s history is marred by looting, which led to the desecration of parts of the site and the theft of significant artifacts. However, the official exploration began in 2017, with collaborative efforts between the Archaeological Park of Pompeii and local law enforcement to safeguard the villa from further illicit activities.
This discovery adds a vital chapter to our understanding of Roman society, unveiling the intricate interplay of power dynamics, relationships, and the everyday experiences of those often marginalized by history’s grand narratives.
